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The secondary control block contains the logic to implement grid support functions (GSF) considering the specifications from IEEE Std 1547-2018 [1]. Therefore, it can be applicable to implement grid support functions from other grid codes that use similar specifications. It generates the active and reactive power references used by the primary control loops. Typically, the active power reference is used as a limiting value for active power injection. The secondary control block allows the user to select which grid support functions are activated and define their respective parameters. The GSF are separated into three categories: Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control, Voltage Support with Active Power Control, and Frequency Support with Active Power Control. This structure allows to have multiple grid support functions operating simultaneously while also ensuring their mutual exclusivity.
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General
Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control
Voltage support with Active Power Control
Frequency Support with Active Power Control
General Tab
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Name | Description | Unit | |
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Nominal Frequency | Nominal grid frequency | Hz | |
Minimum Active Power | Minimum active power output capacity | pu | |
Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control | Constant Power Factor (CPF) | Specify this option to maintain a constant power factor at the point of coupling | - |
Voltage-Reactive Power (Volt-VAR) | Specify this function to output reactive power reference as a function of the measured point of coupling voltage | - | |
Active power- Reactive power (Watt-VAR or PQ) | Specify this function to output reactive power reference as a function of the measured active power output. | - | |
Constant reactive power | Specify this function to output the desired reactive power reference. | - | |
Voltage Support with Active Power Control | None | No function is activated | - |
Voltage – Active Power (Volt-Watt) | Specify this function to output active power reference as a function of the measured point of coupling voltage. | - | |
Frequency Support with Active Power Control | None | No function is activated | - |
Frequency -Watt (Droop) | Specify this function to output active power reference as a function of the measured point of coupling frequency | - | |
Select Power Priority | Reactive Power Priority | When selected, active power output (Pr) is limited to keep apparent power less than or equal to 1 pu. Accordingly, active power will be curtailed for the required reactive power | - |
Active Power Priority | When selected, reactive power output (Qr) is limited to keep apparent power less than or equal to 1 pu | - | |
Sampling Time | Specify the timestep for solving equations inside the secondary block | s | |
Initialization Freeze Time | The active power output (Pr) and the reactive power output (Qr) are 1 pu and 0 pu, respectively, during this interval of time directly after starting the simulation. | s |
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The subtab and its corresponding parameters displayed on this tab vary depending on the choice made for 'Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control'. Four different subtabs and their parameters appear based on the choice of 'Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control'.
When 'Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control' is configured as 'Constant Power Factor (CPF),' the subtab labeled 'Constant Power Factor' and its associated parameters are shown.
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Name | Description | Unit |
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Constant Power Factor | Specify the constant power factor setpoint to be set as either Under-Excited (VAR Absorption) or Over-Excited (VAR Injection) | - |
PF Limits Injecting [Min Max] | Specify the minimum and maximum power factor limits during over-excited mode (This parameter is activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Constant Power Factor and deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Constant Power Factor). | - |
Pf Injecting | Specify the power factor injection reference (This parameter is activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Constant Power Factor and deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Constant Power Factor). | - |
Pf Limits Absorbing [Min Max] | Specify the minimum and maximum power factor limits during under-excited mode (This parameter is deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Constant Power Factor and activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Constant Power Factor). | - |
Pf Absorbing | Specify the power factor absorption reference (This parameter is deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Constant Power Factor and activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Constant Power Factor). | - |
Open Loop Response Time | The desired open-loop settling time of this function. | Sec |
When 'Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control' is configured as 'Voltage-Reactive Power (Volt-Var),' the subtab labeled 'Volt - VAR' and its associated parameters are shown.
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Name | Description | Unit |
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Reference Voltage | Specify the voltage reference setpoint (center of the Volt-VAR curve) | pu |
Voltage Points | Specify the voltage points of the Volt-VAR curve | pu |
Reactive Power Points | Specify the reactive power points of the Volt-VAR curve | pu |
Enable Autonomous Vref Adjustment | When enabled, the voltage reference (center of the Volt-VAR curve) dynamically changes to the average value of the grid voltage | - |
Vref Adjustment Time Constant | Specify the voltage reference filter time constant. Vref is defined as the moving average of the measured positive sequence voltage at the point of coupling over a user-defined time window. (This parameter is activated when the Enable Autonomous Vref Adjustment is enabled). | s |
Open Loop Response Time | Desired open-loop settling time for the transient response of this function | s |
When 'Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control' is configured as 'Active Power - Reactive Power (Watt-Var or PQ),' the subtab labeled 'Watt - VAR' and its associated parameters are shown.
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Name | Description | Unit |
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Active Power Points | Specify the active power points of the Watt-VAR curve | pu |
Reactive Power Points | Specify the reactive power points of the Watt-VAR curve | pu |
Open Loop Response Time | The desired open-loop settling time of this function | s |
When 'Voltage Support with Reactive Power Control' is configured as 'Constant Reactive Power,' the subtab labeled 'Constant Reactive Power' and its associated parameters are shown.
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Name | Description | Unit |
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Reactive Power Excitation | Specify the reactive power excitation setpoint to be set as either under or overexcited | - |
Reactive Power Limits Injecting [Min Max] | Specify the minimum and maximum limit for the reactive power injection (This parameter is activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Reactive Power Excitation and deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Reactive Power Excitation). | pu |
Reactive Power Injecting | Specify the reactive power injection reference value (This parameter is activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Reactive Power Excitation and deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Reactive Power Excitation). | pu |
Reactive Power Limits Absorbing [Min Max] | Specify the minimum and maximum limit for the reactive power absorption (This parameter is deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Reactive Power Excitation and activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Reactive Power Excitation). | pu |
Reactive Power Absorbing | Specify the reactive power absorption (This parameter is deactivated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is chosen for Reactive Power Excitation and activated when the Over-Excited (VAR Absorption) mode is selected for Reactive Power Excitation). | pu |
Open Loop Response Time | Desired open loop settling time for the transient response of this function. | s |
Voltage support with Active Power Control Tab
The parameters on this tab become active when the parameter 'Voltage Support with Active Power Control' is set to 'Voltage - Active Power (Volt-Watt),' otherwise, they are deactivated.
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Name | Description | Unit |
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Voltage Points [V1 V2] | Specify the voltage points for the Volt-Watt curve | pu |
Active Power Points [P1 P2] | Specify the active power points for the Volt-Watt curve | pu |
Open Loop Response Time | Desired open-loop settling time for the transient response of this function | s |
Frequency Support with Active Power Control
The parameters on this tab become active when the parameter 'Frequency Support with Active Power Control' is set to 'Frequency- Watt (Droop),' otherwise, they are deactivated.
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Name | Description | Unit |
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Under-frequency Deadband | Specify the deadband value for under-frequency. | Hz |
Under-frequency Droop Slope | Specify the droop slope for under-frequency | % (f_pu/P_pu) |
Over-frequency Deadband | Specify the deadband value for over-frequency | Hz |
Over-frequency Droop Slope | Specify the droop slope for over-frequency | % (f_pu/P_pu) |
Open Loop Response Time | Desired open-loop settling time for the transient response of this function | s |
Inputs, Outputs, and Signals Available for Monitoring
Inputs
Name | Description | Unit |
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P | Measured inverter output active power | pu |
Q | Measured inverter output reactive power | pu |
Vrms_avg | Average of the RMS value of three-phase grid voltages | pu |
Freq | Measured frequency of inverter output voltage | Hz |
Plim | Active power limit setpoint | pu |
Disable | Signal used to disable the inverter. When Disable = 1, the power references are forced to 0. | - |
Outputs
Name | Description | Unit |
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Pr | Active power reference (Commonly used as a limiting value) | pu |
Qr | Reactive power reference | pu |
Description
The following sections describe every grid support function (GSF) implemented in the secondary control component.
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