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error for mechanical power/torque signal < 1%","type":"text"}]}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"content":[{"text":"Simulation Events","type":"text"}]},{"type":"table","attrs":{"layout":"default","width":1082.0,"localId":"11883ae6-96c9-4dec-a7ea-b0ce65b7dc39"},"content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[242.0]},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Event","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[437.0]},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Supported Features","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[403.0]},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Comments / Limitations","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[242.0]},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Short-Circuit Event (EvtShc)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[437.0]},"content":[{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Three-phase, two-phase or single-phase.","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Fault clearing event to specify “duration” of the fault.","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"** Please refer to Terminal (","type":"text"},{"text":"ElmTerm","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":") for more information.","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[403.0]},"content":[{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Only ","type":"text"},{"text":"Short-Circuit Events","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":" on terminals (i.e., ","type":"text"},{"text":"ElmTerm","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":" objects) are currently supported.","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Short-circuit events with fault reactance are not supported.","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Short-circuit events with zero-crossing clearing type are currently not leading to the same simulation results in HYPERSIM.","type":"text"}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[242.0]},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Switch Event (EvtSwitch)","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[437.0]},"content":[{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Action, execution time and affected phases","type":"text"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"** Please refer to Switch (","type":"text"},{"text":"StaSwitch","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":") for more information.","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":[403.0]},"content":[{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Only ","type":"text"},{"text":"Switch Events","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":" associated to ","type":"text"},{"text":"StaSwitch","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":" objects are currently supported.","type":"text"}]}]}]}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"content":[{"text":"Power Flow Computation Limitations","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"UCMs in HYPERSIM lack support for dynamic load-flow. This has an impact on the import of PowerFactory network models containing loads with the ","type":"text"},{"text":"Complex Load Type","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":" or ","type":"text"},{"text":"Extended Ward Equivalent","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":" voltage sources.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"An alternative method for such advanced load flow calculations is suggested. This method involves the following steps:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Step 1","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": Fill the load flow setpoint data fields in the ","type":"text"},{"text":"Load Flow","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":" tab of the UCM block's mask.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"align-start","width":689,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":781,"alt":"image-20240617-190750.png","id":"1771dc29-e01f-4351-9416-1a5e0557a682","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":657}}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"The field values will very likely include expressions that refer to other component variables.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"For instance, in the example above the expressions for P and Q are the following:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"P=-50e6*(0.5*(bus3.LF_Voltage/132)^0.9+0.4*(bus3.LF_Voltage/132)^1.7+0.1*(bus3.LF_Voltage/132)^2.1)","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Q=-20e6*(0.45*(bus3.LF_Voltage/132)^1.0+0.35*(bus3.LF_Voltage/132)^2.5+0.2*(bus3.LF_Voltage/132)^0.5)","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph"},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Step 2","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":": Open the ","type":"text"},{"text":"Parameter Form","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":" of the bus to which the component is connected. Go to the ","type":"text"},{"text":"Load Flow Results ","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":"tab. Execute the load flow several times until the ","type":"text"},{"text":"Voltage","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":" field value converges.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"table","attrs":{"layout":"default","width":1800.0,"localId":"982419e3-26e1-47dc-8a64-454b05c1939d"},"content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Iteration 0","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":459,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":781,"alt":"image-20240617-191736.png","id":"ce4c38bf-3d8a-41e7-8869-bb156fb9ddf3","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":657}}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Iteration 1","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":449,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":443,"alt":"LF_2.png","id":"7d42a454-260b-48b8-b776-12bf160b2dd5","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":374}}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Iteration 2","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":446,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":446,"alt":"LF_3.png","id":"d13daef3-be55-4ff7-9d05-31f3181eddea","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":376}}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Iteration 3","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":447,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":447,"alt":"LF_4.png","id":"4286c53b-8f38-4653-8ec6-ecb0df1025e5","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":374}}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Iteration 4","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]}]},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":447,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":447,"alt":"LF_5.png","id":"14e11862-953d-45ed-b616-00ee35b14d7e","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":377}}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1},"content":[{"type":"paragraph"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"content":[{"text":"Differences in the Implementation of Synchronous Machine Control System Models","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Components of the ","type":"text"},{"text":"Control Exciters","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":", ","type":"text"},{"text":"Control Governors","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" and ","type":"text"},{"text":"Control Stabilizers","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" libraries in HYPERSIM are based on their respective implementation from a given version of PSS/E. The behavior of these components has been validated against simulation results in that specific version of PSS/E. Where applicable, HYPERSIM components have also referenced IEEE standards such as the “","type":"text"},{"text":"IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":"“ (IEEE Std 421.5-2005).","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"However, the implementation of a same control component may vary from one version to another of PSS/E, as illustrated with the example below:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":1194,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":5405,"alt":"jfx12119666263963750916-20240624-152609.png","id":"1a0f5873-d78a-4b8e-a6a3-4458f9016c1f","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":2621}},{"type":"caption","content":[{"text":"REXSYS1 AVR Block Diagram","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"It can be noted that the output of the voltage regulator of the model shown in the figure above is limited in the range [ ","type":"text"},{"text":"F * VRmin","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":" ","type":"text"},{"text":" ","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":", ","type":"text"},{"text":"F * VRmax","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]},{"text":"]. It turns out, that the function ","type":"text"},{"text":"F","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" has different definitions among different PSS/E versions:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"PSS/E 33.4: ","type":"text"},{"text":"F = [1.0 + F1IMF * (ET - 1.0)] * (KE + KD + SE)","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"PSS/E 34.2: ","type":"text"},{"text":"F = [1.0 + F1IMF * (ET - 1.0)]","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"PSS/E 35.1.0: ","type":"text"},{"text":"F = [1.0 + F1IMF * (ET - 1.0)] * (KE + KD + SE)","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"code"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"PowerFactory, on the other side, also provides ","type":"text"},{"text":"dynamic model","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"text":" blocks that are compliant with PSS/E. It is not entirely clear, to which version of PSS/E the components from its ","type":"text"},{"text":"v2022 Standard Dynamic Models","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":" library are referring to. But, all the components from its ","type":"text"},{"text":"v2023 Standard Dynamic Models","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":" library are referring to the ","type":"text"},{"text":"PSS/E 35.2.0 Model Library","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":". Most of HYPERSIM’s dynamic model blocks are referring to ","type":"text"},{"text":"PSS/E 34.2 Model Library","type":"text","marks":[{"type":"em"}]},{"text":".","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Some other typical causes of mismatches in the response of dynamic models are the following:","type":"text"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Different model initialization.","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Additional calculated inputs which result in offsets at summation point outputs.","type":"text"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Different implementation of basic blocks such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and the exciter saturation characteristic. An example of this last item is shown in the table below, where two mathematical definitions of the saturation characteristic are provided. 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Grid","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"The Grid contains 3 Sites, each of them being imported as subsystem.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"layoutSection","content":[{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"paragraph"},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":641,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":641,"alt":"SE__PF.png","id":"ee6126dd-792a-484a-8b5a-6a1904c11ee9","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":490}}]}]},{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":716,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":716,"alt":"SE_.png","id":"6ca6191d-4095-412f-b10e-0e04500c5e51","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":577}}]},{"type":"paragraph"}]},{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"paragraph"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Representation of the South-East Site “SE_03_Site”","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"The Site contains only 1 substation, imported as a subsystem.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"The diagram in PowerFactory shows the bus and breakers, but we cannot do that in Hypersim (that doesn’t have the diagram concept PowerFactory has).","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"In Hypersim, these components will only be visible on the substation level (see next point).","type":"text"}]},{"type":"layoutSection","content":[{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":691,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":691,"alt":"SE_03_Site_PF.png","id":"b004f1bb-d97e-46a1-8b14-0b254f12d087","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":358}}]},{"type":"paragraph"}]},{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"paragraph"},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"align-start","width":294,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":443,"alt":"SE_03_Site.png","id":"4a8d1f66-7814-4cbe-9f04-0967b75ec9fc","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":385}}]}]},{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"paragraph"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"content":[{"text":"Representation of the South-East Substation “SE_03”","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"The Substation will display the breakers.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"layoutSection","content":[{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"paragraph"},{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":695,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":695,"alt":"SE_03_PF.png","id":"b5d23cb4-070d-483d-9fda-241712976e05","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":377}}]}]},{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"mediaSingle","attrs":{"layout":"center","width":630,"widthType":"pixel"},"content":[{"type":"media","attrs":{"width":630,"alt":"SE_03.png","id":"47cadd1f-03ab-4a22-b123-78cc0be62fda","collection":"contentId-940572977","type":"file","height":371}}]},{"type":"paragraph"}]},{"type":"layoutColumn","attrs":{"width":33.33},"content":[{"type":"paragraph"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"content":[{"text":"Limitations","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph","content":[{"text":"Depending on the available diagrams in the exported XML model, some components may not be correctly located on the schema.","type":"text"}]},{"type":"paragraph"},{"type":"paragraph"}],"version":1}

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