Versions Compared

Key

  • This line was added.
  • This line was removed.
  • Formatting was changed.

Description

The PI line model is mainly used for short transmission lines. The equivalent circuit is shown below.

It is assumed that the capacitance on both sides is identical. The RL branches are also coupled. The parameters for the 12-phase PI lines are the same as for those for 3-phase PI lines, except that the dimension of the R, L and C matrices representing the impedance and admittance of the conductors is 12x12, instead of 3x3. The 12-phase PI model represents four 3-phase transmission lines in parallel. 

In this model, there is a new parameter for sequences. The neutral coupling between the four line circuits (mutual impedance) is represented only in zero sequence.

This model can be used to simulate an internal fault. However, the number of operations allowed in this model is four (4) per fault element, instead of ten (10) in normal cases.


Panel
borderColor#627781
titleColor#627781
borderWidth1
borderStylesolid
titleTable of Contents

Table of Contents
indent20px
stylecircle
printablefalse


Mask and Parameters

General Parameters

Image RemovedImage Added

NameDescriptionUnitVariable = {Possible Values}
DescriptionUse this field to add information about the component
Description = {'string'}
EMTP (.pun) file for line parameters calculationThe location (path) of the EMTP file (pun file) containing the line parameters. However, the EMTP “.pun” format is not allowed with this model
File = {'path.name'}
Line 1Fault distance from (+) side (Line 1)kmfault_loc1 = {0, 1e64}
Line 2Fault distance from (+) side (Line 2)kmfault_loc2 = {0, 1e64}
Line 3Fault distance from (+) side (Line 3)kmfault_loc3 = {0, 1e64}
Line 4Fault distance from (+) side (Line 4)kmfault_loc4 = {0, 1e64}
TypeThe line data can be taken using Matrix or Sequence parameters  
Matrix/Sequence = { 0, 1}
Matrix {0}Untransposed line. The data is filled in the matrices
Sequence {1}Transposed line. The data is filled in the sequences
Line lengthThe length of the linekm

length = {0, 1e64}

Base power (perPhase)Base value for PU conversionMVA per phase

pBase = { [1, 1e64] }

Base voltage (rmsLN)Base value for PU conversionkV rms LN

vBase = { [1, 1e64] }

Base frequencyBase value for PU conversionHz

fBase = { [1, 1e64] }

Matrix Parameters

NameDescriptionUnitVariable = {Possible Values}
Resistance - RResistance matrix (12x12)Ω/kmR = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Inductance - LInductance matrix (12x12)H/km= {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Capacitance - CCapacitance matrix (12x12)F/km= {'-1e64, 1e64'}

Sequence Parameters

NameDescriptionUnitVariable = {Possible Values}
Self impedance - Line RResistance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 1)Ω/kmRself1 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LInductance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 1)H/kmLself1 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CCapacitance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 1)F/kmCself1 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Self impedance - Line 2RResistance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 2)Ω/kmRself2 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LInductance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 2)H/kmLself2 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CCapacitance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 2)F/kmCself2 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Self impedance - Line 3RResistance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 3)Ω/kmRself3 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LInductance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 3)H/kmLself3 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CCapacitance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 3)F/kmCself3 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Self impedance - Line 4RResistance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 4)Ω/kmRself4 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LInductance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 4)H/kmLself4 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CCapacitance value for Zero and Positive sequences (Line 4)F/kmCself4 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Mutual impedance lines 1-2RMutual resistance value between lines 1-2 Ω/kmRmut12 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LMutual inductance value between lines 1-2 H/kmLmut12 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CMutual capacitance value between lines 1-2 F/kmCmut12 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Mutual impedance lines 1-3RMutual resistance value between lines 1-3Ω/kmRmut13 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LMutual inductance value between lines 1-3H/kmLmut13 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CMutual capacitance value between lines 1-3F/kmCmut13 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Mutual impedance lines 1-4RMutual resistance value between lines 1-4Ω/kmRmut14 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LMutual inductance value between lines 1-4H/kmLmut14 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CMutual capacitance value between lines 1-4F/kmCmut14 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Mutual impedance lines 2-4RMutual resistance value between lines 2-4Ω/kmRmut24 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LMutual inductance value between lines 2-4H/kmLmut24 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CMutual capacitance value between lines 2-4F/kmCmut24 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Mutual impedance lines 2-3RMutual resistance value between lines 2-3 Ω/kmRmut23 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LMutual inductance value between lines 2-3 H/kmLmut23 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CMutual capacitance value between lines 2-3 F/kmCmut23 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
Mutual impedance lines 3-4RMutual resistance value between lines 3-4Ω/kmRmut34 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
LMutual inductance value between lines 3-4 H/kmLmut34 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}
CMutual capacitance value between lines 3-4 F/kmCmut34 = {'-1e64, 1e64'}

Timing Parameters

NameDescriptionUnitVariable = {Possible Values}
Time unitsUnits applied to the programmed state transition operations





Ut = {s, ms, c}


Second {s}All operations Tn are in seconds

Millisecond {ms}All operations Tn are in milliseconds

Cycle {c}All operations Tn are in electrical cycles (setting the frequency is mandatory)
Time programming

Master switch that determines whether the programmed operations occur when triggering an acquisition





EnaGen = {0, 1}


Disable {0}
Programmed operations are disabled

Enable {1}
Programmed operations are enabled
Steady-state condition

Line 1State of phase breakers for Line 1 in steady-state; “colored” if the breaker is open and “grey” if the breaker is closed

iniStateA {0, 1}

iniStateB {0, 1}

iniStateC = {0, 1}

iniStateG = {0, 1}


Line 2State of phase breakers for Line 2 in steady-state; “colored” if the breaker is open and “grey” if the breaker is closed

iniStateA2 {0, 1}

iniStateB2 {0, 1}

iniStateC2 = {0, 1}

iniStateG2 = {0, 1}


Line 3State of phase breakers for Line 3 in steady-state; “colored” if the breaker is open and “grey” if the breaker is closed

iniStateA3 {0, 1}

iniStateB3 {0, 1}

iniStateC3 = {0, 1}

iniStateG3 = {0, 1}


Line 4State of phase breakers for Line 4 in steady-state; “colored” if the breaker is open and “grey” if the breaker is closed

iniStateA4 {0, 1}

iniStateB4 {0, 1}

iniStateC4 = {0, 1}

iniStateG4 = {0, 1}

Frequency
Should be set using the parameter "Base frequency".HzFreq = { [45, 70] }

Switching times

Line 1Enable/disable the state transition operation on Line 1.


EnaT1 = {0, 1}

EnaT2 = {0, 1}

...

Disable {0}
Disable the state transition operation on the same line
Enable {1}
Enable the state transition operation on the same line. If the line is enabled but no information is present, the state transition operation is ignored.
Line 2Enable/disable the state transition operation on Line 2.

EnaT1_2 = {0, 1}

EnaT2_2 = {0, 1}

...

Disable {0}Disable the state transition operation on the same line
Enable {1}Enable the state transition operation on the same line. If the line is enabled but no information is present, the state transition operation is ignored.
Line 3Enable/disable the state transition operation on Line 3.

EnaT1_3 = {0, 1}

EnaT2_3 = {0, 1}

...

Disable {0}Disable the state transition operation on the same line
Enable {1}Enable the state transition operation on the same line. If the line is enabled but no information is present, the state transition operation is ignored.
Line 4Enable/disable the state transition operation on Line 4.

EnaT1_4 = {0, 1}

EnaT2_4 = {0, 1}

...

Disable {0}Disable the state transition operation on the same line
Enable {1}Enable the state transition operation on the same line. If the line is enabled but no information is present, the state transition operation is ignored.

Type(f,i,u,ug)




Relative time (with respect to POW synchronization) when the command is sent to the breaker (or switch) to change state. There are four ways to input this time.

Important notes:

  • For changes of state to occur, programmed operation times must always respect Tn>Tn-1.
  • If a parameter field is blank or contains “-”, no switching occurs for this line.
  • There is no alias for the type of timing in the API. The timing type and values are entered as a single string.
  • If using referenced operations, the calculated time is applied after it received the command from the other component. See the Referenced Operations section for more information.







Refer to "Time units" parameter

T1 = {'string'}

T2 = {'string'}

...


T1_2 = {'string'}

T2_2 = {'string'}

...


T1_3 = {'string'}

T2_3 = {'string'}

...


T1_4 = {'string'}

T2_4 = {'string'}

...


Fixed

{f: fixed time}

At each acquisition, Tn command is sent at the same time for all phases selected in "Phase operated".


Incremental

{i: initial time/final time/time increment}

For the first acquisition, Tn command is sent at the set initial time for all phases selected in "Phase operated". Then at each acquisition, Tn command is sent a time increment later than the previous acquisition. Once the final time is reached, the next acquisition is done using the initial time again.


Uniform

{u: minimal time/maximal time}

At each acquisition, Tn command is sent at a random time. The probability is uniform over the specified range. All phases selected in "Phase operated" DO NOT receive the command at the same time, it is also random.


Uniform Gaussian

{ug: minimal time/maximal time/ dispersion}

At each acquisition, Tn command is sent at a random time. The probability follows a Gaussian distribution over the specified range. All phases selected in "Phase operated" DO NOT receive the command at the same time, it is also random.

Referenced operations

Use to refer the triggering of Tn to another breaker programmed state transition. See the Referenced Operations section for more information.

NB: all columns must be filled for the referenced operation to work.





Line 1
Ref operationName (or path) of the breaker to which the timing is referenced

Eref1 = {'path.name'}

Eref2 = {'path.name'}

...

Ref timeTime Tn ID of the referenced breaker's step to which the timing is referenced

Tref1 = {Tn}

Tref2 = {Tn}

...

Phase/CommandActivate (Phase {1}) or deactivate (Command {0}) the reference dependency

T1RPh = {0, 1}

T2RPh = {0, 1}

...

Line 2Ref operationName (or path) of the breaker to which the timing is referenced

Eref1_2 = {'path.name'}

Eref2_2 = {'path.name'}

...

Ref timeTime Tn ID of the referenced breaker's step to which the timing is referenced

Tref1_2 = {Tn}

Tref2_2 = {Tn}

...

Phase/CommandActivate (Phase {1}) or deactivate (Command {0}) the reference dependency

T1_2RPh = {0, 1}

T2_2RPh = {0, 1}

...

Line 3Ref operationName (or path) of the breaker to which the timing is referenced

Eref1_3 = {'path.name'}

Eref2_3 = {'path.name'}

...

Ref timeTime Tn ID of the referenced breaker's step to which the timing is referenced

Tref1_3 = {Tn}

Tref2_3 = {Tn}

...

Phase/CommandActivate (Phase {1}) or deactivate (Command {0}) the reference dependency

T1_3RPh = {0, 1}

T2_3RPh = {0, 1}

...

Line 4Ref operationName (or path) of the breaker to which the timing is referenced

Eref1_4 = {'path.name'}

Eref2_4 = {'path.name'}

...

Ref timeTime Tn ID of the referenced breaker's step to which the timing is referenced

Tref1_4 = {Tn}

Tref2_4 = {Tn}

...

Phase/CommandActivate (Phase {1}) or deactivate (Command {0}) the reference dependency

T1_4RPh = {0, 1}

T2_4RPh = {0, 1}

...

Phase operated

The list of all phases that change state when the timing condition is reached. So if after Tn-1 the A and C phases are OFF and Tn triggers B and C, after Tn phases A and B will be OFF, and C will be ON



Line 1ON {1}"Colored" when a state transition shall occur (Line 2)

T1Pa, T1Pb, T1Pc = {0, 1}

T2Pa, T2,Pb, T2Pc = {0, 1}

...

"Grayed out" when no state transition shall occur (Line 2)
Line 2OFF {0}"Colored" when a state transition shall occur (Line 2)

T1_2Pa, T1_2Pb, T1_2Pc = {0, 1}

T2_2Pa, T2_2,Pb, T2_2Pc = {0, 1}

...

"Grayed out" when no state transition shall occur (Line 2)
Line 3ON {1}"Colored" when a state transition shall occur (Line 2)

T1_3Pa, T1_3Pb, T1_3Pc = {0, 1}

T2_3Pa, T2_3,Pb, T2_3Pc = {0, 1}

...

OFF {0}"Grayed out" when no state transition shall occur (Line 2)
Line 4ON {1}"Colored" when a state transition shall occur (Line 2)

T1_4Pa, T1_4Pb, T1_4Pc = {0, 1}

T2_4Pa, T2_4,Pb, T2_4Pc = {0, 1}

...

OFF {0}"Grayed out" when no state transition shall occur (Line 2)

Fault Parameters



NameDescriptionUnitVariable = {Possible Values}
Line 1Fault resistanceFault resistance value per phase (Line 1)ΩRDef = {0, 1e64}
RopenOpen resistance value per phase (Line 1)ΩROpen = {0, 1e64}
RcloseClosed resistance value per phase (Line 1)ΩRClose = {0, 1e64}
Chopping currentCurrent threshold for the opening permission operation (Line 1)AImargin = {0, 1e64}
Line 2Fault resistanceFault resistance value per phase (Line 2)ΩRDef2 = {0, 1e64}
RopenOpen resistance value per phase (Line 2)ΩROpen2 = {0, 1e64}
RcloseClosed resistance value per phase (Line 2)ΩRClose2 = {0, 1e64}
Chopping currentCurrent threshold for the opening permission operation (Line 2)AImargin2 = {0, 1e64}
Line 3Fault resistanceFault resistance value per phase (Line 3)ΩRDef3 = {0, 1e64}
RopenOpen resistance value per phase (Line 3)ΩROpen3 = {0, 1e64}
RcloseClosed resistance value per phase (Line 3)ΩRClose3 = {0, 1e64}
Chopping currentCurrent threshold for the opening permission operation (Line 3)AImargin3 = {0, 1e64}
Line 4Fault resistanceFault resistance value per phase (Line 4)ΩRDef4 = {0, 1e64}
RopenOpen resistance value per phase (Line 4)ΩROpen4 = {0, 1e64}
RcloseClosed resistance value per phase (Line 4)ΩRClose4 = {0, 1e64}
Chopping currentCurrent threshold for the opening permission operation (Line 4)AImargin4 = {0, 1e64}


Line Generator

Info

For more information see Line Generator 


Ports, Inputs, Outputs and Signals Available for Monitoring

Ports

This component supports a 12-phase transmission line 

Name

Description

net_1_1(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the left (+) side of line 1
net_1_2(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the right side of line 1
net_2_1(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the left (+) side of line 2
net_2_2(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the right side of line 2
net_3_1(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the left (+) side of line 3
net_3_2(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the right side of line 3
net_4_1(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the left (+) side of line 4
net_4_2(a,b,c)Network connection of phases (a,b,c) of the right side of line 4


Inputs

None

Outputs

None

Sensors

At acquisition, the signals available by the sensors are:

Name

Description

Unit

V(a,b,c)_FLT1Voltage on fault bus of line 1 phases (a,b,c)V
V(a,b,c)_FLT2Voltage on fault bus of line 2 phases (a,b,c)V
V(a,b,c)_FLT3Voltage on fault bus of line 3 phases (a,b,c)V
V(a,b,c)_FLT4Voltage on fault bus of line 4 phases (a,b,c)V
I(a,b,c,n)_FLT1Fault current of line 1 (a,b,c,n)A
I(a,b,c,n)_FLT2Fault current of line 2 (a,b,c,n)A
I(a,b,c,n)_FLT3Fault current of line 3 (a,b,c,n)A
I(a,b,c,n)_FLT4Fault current of line 4 (a,b,c,n)A
CMD(a,b,c,n)_FLT1Command for states of phase and ground breakers of line 1
CMD(a,b,c,n)_FLT2Command for states of phase and ground breakers of line 2
CMD(a,b,c,n)_FLT3Command for states of phase and ground breakers of line 3
CMD(a,b,c,n)_FLT4Command for states of phase and ground breakers of line 4

Note that the Fault bus referred in the previous table is the point of fault on the line indicated in the form of the model (distance of fault from (+) side).

Calculation of Electrical Parameters

The EMTP “.pun” format is not allowed with this model. However, the electrical parameters of PI lines can be calculated by using the Line Generator Tab.

Types of fault

The fault breakers are shown in the following figure. The types of faults according to the state of the breakers are listed in the table.


Background Color
color#D3D3D3


Note: For a phase to ground fault, we strongly recommend using the ground in steady state instead of programming a time of operation in transient state.



Types of fault according to state of breakers

State of BreakerBCGround
No fault0000
Fault between phase C and Ground0011
Fault between phase B and Ground0101
Fault between phases B and C0110
Fault between phases B, C and Ground0111
Fault between phases A and Ground1001
Fault between phases A and C1010
Fault between phases A, C and Ground1011
Fault between phases A and B1100
Fault between phases A, B and Ground1101
Fault between phases A, B and C1110
Fault between phases A, B, C and Ground1111

In the case of a quadruple (12-phase) line with fault, there are five configurations available:

  • 1 section
  • 2 sections
  • 3 sections
  • 4 sections
  • 5 sections

The user must specify the fault distance on each line. This distance must be calculated from side “1” of the line. If the user does not want to use one of the fault elements, he must set the value of the fault distance to 0 for the fault in question. It should be noticed that the fault distance must be lower than the line length. Given the great number of fault location combinations possible with this model, the fault breakers are positioned at each fault distance on each of the 4 lines making up the model. Considering the case with 4 sections (see the following figure), there are three locations on each line where fault breakers have been positioned.

As shown in the figure, 12 fault elements are available, but only 3 or 4 (and not more than 1 per line) can be operated. The breakers that will be operated are those set by the fault distance parameters. For example, given the following parameters:

  • Fault distance - line 1: 85 km
  • Fault distance - line 2: 40 km
  • Fault distance - line 3: 140 km
  • Fault distance - line 4: 40 km

The following elements will be operated: Flt1_2 (line 1), Flt2_1 (line 2), Flt3_3 (line 3) and Flt4_1 (line 4). Note that if the number of sections required does not correspond to the fault distances entered by the user, HYPERSIM gives an error and stops the study.