Description
Transformer models with tap changer are designed to be used when the voltage needs to be set. This is often the case with electronic power converters. The 2-winding saturable transformer adds modelling of saturation and hysteresis to the linear transformer at the expense of some computation time. This model also integrates a decoupling element helping to separate the network into two distinct tasks that can be computed on separate cores to optimize performance.
Mask and Parameters
General Parameters
| Description | Use this field to add all kinds of information about the component |
| Flux-Current model | Model saturation only or saturation with hysteresis |
| Iteration in saturation model | Enable or disable iteration to achieve more accurate results at the expense of computation time when the saturation segment changes |
| Base primary/secondary/tertiary winding voltage (rmsLL) | Base value for PU conversion (kV). Voltage expressed in kV rms LL This base voltage and nominal voltage will change, if the corresponding winding connection switches between delta and Y. |
| Base power (total) | Base value for PU conversion (MVA) |
| Base frequency | Base value for PU conversion (Hz) |
Magnetization Impedance Parameters
- Rm: Equivalent resistance of iron losses of the magnetic circuit (Ω)
Winding Parameters
| Primary connection | Forced to Y ground |
| Secondary connection | Forced to Y floating |
| Tertiary connection | Forced to Delta; choice of:
|
| Voltage (rmsLL) | Rated voltage of the winding (kV)
|
| R1, R2, R3 | Leakage resistance of the winding (Ω) |
| L1, L2, L3 | Leakage inductance of the winding (H) |
Neutral Impedance Parameters
| R1 | Neutral resistance of the primary winding; only applies to Y ground (Ω) |
| L1 | Neutral inductance of the primary winding; only applies to Y ground (H) |
| C1 | Neutral capacitance of the primary winding; only applies to Y ground (F) |
Saturation Parameters
The saturation is characteristic of the core, thus of the winding and not the type of 3-phase connection (Y, Delta or Zigzag). It is represented only for the magnetization branch (schematically using line segments).
| Number of data points | Number of segments of the current-flux saturation curve; only the positive part of the curve must be specified, the negative part being completed by symmetry |
| Saturation current | Current for each segment of the saturation curve; the origin (0,0) is implied (A) |
| Saturation flux | Flux for each segment of the saturation curve; the origin (0.0,0.0) is implied (V.s) |
Hysteresis Parameters
The main hysteresis cycle is characterized by four parameters. It is measured in DC so as not to include the Foucault losses, which are considered by the parallel resistance (Rm). The initial trajectory is characterized by only one parameter, the initial flux. Two other special parameters serve to minimize the generation of internal nested loops, and their corresponding trajectories, saved in memory (e.g. the loops that are too small will be ignored and their trajectories modelized by a straight line segment).
This is useful since their number must be limited (100 which suffices in most simulated cases). Above this cycle (limited to ±Is), the saturation zone is entered. The saturation is then characterized either by a series of points on the curve or by an inductance that the curve approaches asymptotically. In this last case, the model generates automatically segments (in the positive and negative saturation zone) of equal length (Is).
| Saturation data type | Determines if the saturation curve is calculated by the model or defined by a series of segments (Equation, Curve) |
| Air core inductance | Value of the saturation inductance that the curve approaches asymptotically (H) |
| Slope at Ic | Flux slope at coercive current (H) |
| Coercitive current - Ic | Positive coercive current at null flux (A) |
| Saturation current - Is | Current value of the first point in the saturation zone (A) |
| Current tolerance | Special parameter limiting the generation of minor nested loops. When the magnetizing current values at the last inversion point and the preceding inversion point are closer than the specified tolerance (in % of Ic), it is assumed that there is a displacement on a trajectory represented by a straight line segment. |
| Remnant flux - Φr | Positive remnant flux at null current (V.s) |
| Saturation flux - Φs | Flux value of the first point in the saturation zone (V.s) |
| Flux tolerance | Special parameter limiting the generation of minor nested loops. When the flux values at the last inversion point and the preceding inversion point are closer than the specified tolerance (in % of Φs), it is assumed that there is a displacement on the current loop. |
| Initial flux (peak) | Initial flux determining initial trajectory which is calculated by supposing that it has an inversion point on the main cycle (V.s) |
| Number of points | Number of segments of the current-flux saturation curve; only the positive part of the curve must be specified, the negative part being completed by symmetry |
| Saturation current | Current for each segment of the saturation curve; the first value must be equal to Is (A) |
| Saturation flux | Flux for each segment of the saturation curve; the first value must be equal to Φs (V.s) |
Tap Changer Parameters
The tap changer effect is simulated by changing the transformer ratio.
| Control type | Source of the command
|
| Manual position | Manual position required; either a set point or initial value depending on the control type |
| Number of taps | Number of tap(s); maximum 50 |
| Nominal voltage (rms LG) | Primary voltage to generate the rated voltage on the secondary winding at the nominal tap (kV) |
| Minimum voltage (rms LG) | Primary voltage linked with position 1 to generate the rated voltage on the secondary winding (kV) |
| Maximum voltage (rms LG) | Primary voltage linked with the last position of the tap changer to generate the rated voltage on the secondary winding (kV) |
| Temporization time | Minimum duration required for a signal order to start changing tap (s) |
| Operation time | Time between tap changes (s) |
Ports, Inputs, Outputs and Signals Available for Monitoring
Ports
| Net_1 | Primary winding connection (supports only 3-phase connections) |
| Net_2 | Secondary winding connection (supports only 3-phase connections) |
| Net_3 | Tertiary winding connection (supports only 3-phase connections) |
Inputs
- None
Outputs
- None
Sensors
| Down | "Down one position" order from internal command |
| DownBuf | Signal specifying the start of a change issued by a “Down” order |
| DownEXT | "Down one position" order from an external command |
| FLUX(a,b,c) | Magnetization flux for each phase (V.s) |
| IMAG(a,b,c) | Magnetization current for each phase (A) |
| IPRIM(a,b,c) | Primary current for each phase (A) |
| PosA.B% | Specifies by how much the tap is above or below the rated position |
| PosSign | Specifies that the tap is above or below the rated position |
| RatioXfo | Winding ratio |
| SEG(a,b,c) | Segment number of the saturation curve
|
| Tap | Tap position |
| Up | "Up one position" order from internal command |
| UpBuf | Signal specifying the start of a change issued by an “Up” order |
| UpEXT | "Up one position" order from an external command |
References
«Hysteresis Modeling in the Matlab/Power System Blockset», Silvano Casoria, Patrice Brunelle, Gilbert Sybille, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, Volume 63, Issues 3-5, Pages 237-248