Section Content

The simulator panel provides the test bench's interactive interface, which includes access to settings, measurement device display and protection system status.
The interface allows users to manually control the test bench, to start and control the drive speed by altering power sources, connecting various devices to the synchronous machine armature, decoupling machine shafts to block the synchronous machine rotor or resetting the protection system in case of a fault.
This section serves as the complete reference for the features of the components presents on the dashboard of the simulator.

3.1 Startup panel

The main panel is shown in Fig. 5 at simulator startup.
Default setting values shown in Table 3 are applied and control switches are marked on gray which means disabled (see Table 4 below).
Machines are stopped, all power output voltages are at 0 V. The simulator is functioning, and the test bench can be used according to user needs, while maintaining safe settings and making sure not to trip the protection system.

Figure 5: Panel at simulator startup

Observe, from left to right, in Fig.5, how the various settings and measurement display options are grouped according to the virtual test bench components, as described in section 2:

DC machine: power settings, measurement display and protection status (fuses).
Shaft: for the detachable mechanical coupling of the shaft that connects the machines, displays torque and speed data.
Synchronous machine: field power settings, displays measurements and protection (fuse) status.
Armature Connections: switches for devices that can be connected to the synchronous machine's armature (AC Grid, Short-circuit, RLC Load and Measurement Resistors). Also, we can adjust the three-phase autotransformer connected to the grid and the balanced three-phase passive load. The three-phase short-circuit can be triggered directly from this panel.
Protections: In the event of a fault, defective fuse replacement can be simulated by resetting the protection system (Reset). It is also possible to suppress the protection system beforehand (SUP) to simulate operating limits that could damage or destroy equipment in a real test bench.

Destroying one fuse can cause machines to stop according to the dynamics of turning parts caused by inertia and friction.
Just like with a real test bench, the user must determine the causes of the fault before restoring power and resetting switches to ensure safe restart.
Failure to do so will result in triggering the protection system again, as would happen with a real test bench!

The tabs in the bottom panel of the screen in Fig.5 display the oscilloscopes connected to the bench, as described in section 3.4 below.

3.2 Tables for parameters setup and control switches

Setup Parameters	Default Value	Variation Range
SC1: V_aDC Machine armature (V)	0	[0 ; 500] V
SC2: V_f DC Machine field (V)	0	[0 ; 500] V
SC3: V_jf Synchronous Machine field (V)	0	[0 ; 35] V
SC4: V_d DC external supply (V)	0	[0 ; 50] V
SA1: Autotransformer (V)	0	[0 ; 500] V
f_s (Hz) AC grid frequency	60	[1 ; 100] Hz
R (Ω)	300	[10 ; 300] Ω
X_{L (60 Hz)}(Ω)	300	[5 ; 300] Ω
X_{C (60 Hz)}(Ω)	300	[5 ; 300] Ω
Saving_SC_Currents	0	[0 ; 10]
Saving_Recovery_Voltage	0	[0 ; 10]

Table 3: User accessible setup parameters

FUNCTION	Interface/ Icon	Description
Command Switches
K₁: AC Grid		The grid is not connected to synchronous machine armature. Contactor (K₁) is open.
		The grid is connected to synchronous machine armature. Contactor (K₁) is closed.
K₂: Short-circuit		The synchronous machine's armature is not connected to the short circuit. Contactor (K₂) is open.
		The synchronous machine's armature is connected to the short-circuit. Contactor (K₂) is closed.
K₃: RLC Load		The RLC Load is not connected to the synchronous machine's armature. Contactor (K₃) is open.
		The RLC Load is connected to the synchronous machine's armature. Contactor (K₃) is closed.
K₄: Measurement Resistor		The DC voltage supply SC4 that measures armature resistance is not connected to the synchronous machine's armature. Contactor (K₄) is open.
		The DC voltage supply SC4 that measures armature resistance is connected to the synchronous machine's armature. Contactor (K₄) is closed.
K₅: Starting resistor		The synchronous machine's field is connected to DC supply voltage SC3. Contactor (K₅) in series with the supply voltage is closed.
		The synchronous machine's field is disconnected from DC supply voltage SC3. Contactor (K₅) in series with the supply voltage is open. Field coil is connected to starting resistance.
K₆: Decouple Shafts		The shaft of the synchronous machine is driven by the shaft of the DC machine.
		The shaft of the synchronous machine is decoupled from the shaft of the DC machine.
K₇: Phase Inversion		The initial phase sequence for the AC grid can be direct or inverse. The user must verify which sequence is used.
		The initial phase sequence for the AC grid is inverse. The user must verify which sequence is used.
K₈: Reset		Reset push-button is disabled.
		Reset push-button is activated and simulates replacement of defective fuses after fault.
K₁₀: Trig_Acq.Gr1		Waveforms are not triggered, and signals are moving. The Oscilloscope1 group trigger is disabled.
		Waveforms are triggered by a reference signal. The Oscilloscope1 group trigger is enabled
K₁₁: Trig_Acq.Gr2		The Oscilloscope2 group trigger is disabled.
		The Oscilloscope2 group trigger is enabled.
K₁₂: Trig_Acq.Gr3		The Oscilloscope3 group trigger is disabled.
		The Oscilloscope3 group trigger is enabled.
K₁₃: Trig_Acq.Gr4		The Oscilloscope4 group trigger is disabled.
		The Oscilloscope4 group trigger is enabled.
K₁₄: Trig_Acq.Gr5		The Oscilloscope5 group trigger is disabled.
		The Oscilloscope5 group trigger is enabled.
Fuses	LED indicators
F_ia		The DC machine's armature fuse is blown. The DC machine's armature fuse is intact.
F_if		The DC machine's field fuse is blown. The DC machine's field fuse is intact.
F_i1		The synchronous machine's stator phase 1 fuse is blown. The synchronous machine's stator phase 1 fuse is intact.
F_i2		The synchronous machine's stator phase 2 fuse is blown. The synchronous machine's stator phase 2 fuse is intact.
F_i3		The synchronous machine's stator phase 3 fuse is blown. The synchronous machine's stator phase 3 fuse is intact.
F_Jf		The synchronous machine's field fuse is blown. The synchronous machine's field fuse is intact.

Table 4: Command switches and LED fuse status indicators

3.3 Tab Descriptions

The Panel tab presented in Fig.5 has several additional tabs the user can select:

Armature Connections: "AC Grid", "RLC Load" and "Measurement Resistors", respectively.
This tab shows the devices that can be connected to the armature windings of the Synchronous machine according to the exercise to be performed.
Oscilloscopes: "Oscilloscopes1", "Oscilloscopes2", "Oscilloscopes3", "Oscilloscopes4" and "Oscilloscopes5".
On the lower part of the panel, several tabs are used to select scopes to visualize the waveforms of electrical and mechanical signals.
The Help tab: at the top right of the panel, contains information about the exercises and the diagrams associated with each exercise.

3.4 Measurement Device Display and Oscilloscopes Waveforms

Device display modules shown in the simulator panel are shown in Fig.5.
The sign convention by device is also provided.

Sections	Display	Label	Parameters Displayed
DC Machine	Display₁	V_a	Voltage at machine armature terminals.
	Display₂	I_a	Current in armature (positive for motor operation in rotation direction N positive)
	Display₃	V_f	Voltage at field terminals.
	Display₄	I_f	Current in the field.
Shaft	Display₁	N	Synchronous machine rotation speed (if N is positive, the phase sequence in the synchronous machine armature is direct)
	Display₂	T_u	Torque of the DC machine (positive for motor mode operation in rotation direction N positive)
Synchronous Machine	Display₁	U_s	RMS line-line voltage at armature terminals.
	Display₂	I_s	RMS line current in the armature.
	Display₃	V_jf	Voltage at field terminals.
	Display₄	J_f	Current in the field.
	Display₅	P	The synchronous machine's active power. Sign convention is generator type. P is positive when operating in generator mode and negative in motor mode.
	Display₆	Q	The synchronous machine's reactive power. Sign convention is generator type: Q is positive if supplied to the device connected to the synchronous machine's armature terminals. It is negative if it is absorbed by the synchronous machine.
	Display₇	Internal angle θ	Internal angle θ between the electromotive force E and the armature voltage Vs. θ is positive in generator mode and negative in motor mode
AC Grid	Display₁	U	RMS line-line voltage at the autotransformer's SA1 output.
	Display₂	I	RMS line current at the autotransformer's SA1 output.
RLC Load	Display₁	Power factor	Load power factor at 60 Hz.
Measurement Resistors	Display₁	U_dc	DC voltage between two synchronous machine armature terminals to measure resistances.
	Display₂	I_dc	DC current flowing through the armature during measurement of resistances.

Table 5: Display modules for measurement devices and sign convention for parameters displayed

Waveforms for electrical and mechanical signals displayed on the oscilloscopes are listed in Table 6.
Each oscilloscope allows users to view one or two signals. Voltage and/or current range settings and time settings are also provided in this table.

Tab	Oscilloscope	Waveforms Displayed
Oscilloscope1	Oscilloscope 1	Line-neutral voltage for the phase A of synchronous machine's armature and AC grid.
	Oscilloscope 2	Line-neutral voltage for the phase B of synchronous machines' armature and AC grid.
	@_yscale/div1	Voltage range settings for oscilloscope 1.
	@_yscale/div2	Voltage range settings for oscilloscope 2.
Oscilloscope2	Oscilloscope 1	Line current in phase A of the synchronous machine's armature.
	@_xscale/div3	Time range settings for oscilloscope 1.
	@_yscale/div3	Current range settings for oscilloscope 1.
Oscilloscopes3	Oscilloscope 1	All 3-line currents of the synchronous machine's armature.
	Oscilloscope 2	Current J_f in the synchronous machine's armature.
	@_xscale/div4	Time range settings for oscilloscope 1.
	@_yscale/div4	Current range settings for oscilloscope 1
	@_xscale/div5	Time range settings for oscilloscope 2.
	@_yscale/div5	Current range settings for oscilloscope 2.
	Saving_SC_Currents	Log file number for currents in the event of a short -circuit.
	Saving_Recovery_Voltage	Log file number for recovery voltages after a short -circuit.
Oscilloscopes4	Oscilloscope 1	Electromagnetic Torque of the synchronous machine.
	Oscilloscope 2	Internal angle between electromotive force E and the synchronous machine's armature output voltage Vs.
	@_xscale/div6	Time range settings for oscilloscope 1.
	@_yscale/div6	Torque range settings for oscilloscope 1.
	@_xscale/div7	Time range settings for oscilloscope 2.
	@_yscale/div7	degrees range settings for oscilloscope 2.
Oscilloscopes5	Oscilloscope1	Synchronous Machine speed.
	Oscilloscope2	Electromagnetic Torque of the synchronous machine.
	@_xscale/div8	Time range settings for oscilloscope 1.
	@_yscale/div8	Speed range settings for oscilloscope 1.
	@_xscale/div9	Time range settings for oscilloscope 2.
	@_yscale/div9	Torque range settings for oscilloscope 2.

Table 6: Waveforms displayed and Oscilloscope settings

Courseware

Synchronous Machines - 3. Description of the Panel

Section Content

3.1 Startup panel

3.2 Tables for parameters setup and control switches

3.3 Tab Descriptions

3.4 Measurement Device Display and Oscilloscopes Waveforms