Composition of a UCM

Input parameters

Input parameters are those that will be in the parameter form. They can be modified once the UCM is inserted into the HYPERSIM® diagram.

Calculated parameters

These parameters are calculated by the Preparation function to be used in the Simulation functions. The purpose is to avoid repeating the same calculation at every time step, thus reducing the simulation execution time.

Power nodes

Power nodes can be external or internal. External nodes are graphically visible and will be connected to bus bars. Internal nodes are not visible. HYPERSIM® will include all UCM internal and external nodes into the substation’s node equation and calculate their voltages. HYPERSIM® provides the user with utilities to access UCM node voltages.

Control IOs

Control inputs allow the UCM to get information from other systems, while control outputs to send out information computed by the UCM. The control outputs can be connected to other systems or simply used for monitoring purpose.

Preparation function

The Preparation function prepares the parameters needed during the simulation. The objective is to reduced the calculation effort during the simulation.
Among the simulation parameters, there are:

• The fixed part of the admittance matrix Y_ini ,
• The sparsity indication matrix Y_fill,

Other parameters derived from the input parameters. For example: if the input parameter is the frequency f, but during the simulation the period T=1/f is needed, then T is calculated during the preparation to avoid its calculation at every time steps. The Preparation function provided by user is compiled and linked with the HYPERSIM® GUI.

Simulation functions

The UCM Simulation function is compiled with the simulation code generated by HYPERSIM® to form the Simulation program. This simulation program runs either in real-time or non real-time and communicates with the HYPERSIM® GUI for simulation control purpose. The Simulation functions include: Initialization function executed only once at the beginning of the simulation, preVNode (calculations done before the solution of node voltages) and postVNode (calculation after the solution of node voltages) executed at every time step.

Initialization

This function is executed only once at the beginning of the simulation to perform various initializations needed by the UCM: set default parameters, initialize counters, etc.

Function preVNode

This function is called prior to the calculation of node voltages by HYPERSIM®. It performs the following tasks:

• Determine switch commands and switch states
• Calculate Y_add by taking into account the switch state and new non-linear operating point.
• Indicate nodes that are affected by changing in Y_add
• Calculate currents sources.

Function postVNode

This function is called after the calculation of node voltages to:

• Calculate historics currents,
• Determine new operating point of non-linearities,
• Perform control functions and other calculations.

Building a UCM using an example: Functional description of the UCM in example

The example of a UCM, shown below, covers many aspects of the UCM coding. It has current sources, historic currents, non-linearity, internal and external nodes as well as control inputs-outputs.

UCM characteristics

• A UCM is a component located inside a substation. It is simulated with other components of the same substation. The UCM is composed of a power and a control part. The power part has external nodes (graphically visible) and internal nodes (invisible). This part is represented as an admittance matrix which will be added to the substation admittance matrix to solve the node equation. The UCM admittance matrix can be linear or non-linear.
• The control part performs user-defined control functions, using signals from the UCM control inputs and internal signals, then produces signals to send to the UCM control outputs or to be used internally.
• The UCM has its admittance matrix composed of a fixed part and a varying part :

Parameters

Input parameters

Calculated parameters and other parameters used during the simulation

Connectors

Power nodes

Control Inputs Outputs

Current sources

Current sources are named (by the user) Isrc_a, Isrc_b, Isrc_c. They are calculated by dividing the voltage source value by its internal resistor Rs.
For a multi-phase currents, names must be terminated by _a, _b, _c.

Historic currents

The non-linear inductor has historic currents. They are named (by the user) Ihist_a, Ihist_ b, Ihist_c and calculated according to the inductor EMTP model.
For a multi-phase historic currents, their name must also be terminated by _a, _b, _c.

UCM utilities available to the user

The following are the various utilities (under #define forms) to provide communication between HYPERSIM® and the UCM:

• double ucmVNode (int nodeNum): 
• Obtain the node voltage calculated by HYPERSIM® for node number nodeNum which can be the node order number (0, 1, 2, ...) or its symbolic name (NE_a, NE_b, ...)

Ex: ucmVNode(0) or ucmVNode(NE_a)

• double ucmYini(int node1, int node2): 
• Element of the matrix Y_ini of the UCM corresponding to row node1 and column node2. Y_ini is calculated by user but the space for this matrix is allocated by HYPERSIM®.

Ex: ucmYini (NI_a, NI_a) = (1.0/Rs) + (1.0/GL) or ucmYini(0, 0) = (1.0/Rs) + (1.0/GL)

• double ucmYadd(int node1, int node2): 
• Element of the matrix Y_add of the UCM corresponding to row node1 and column node2. Y_add is calculated by user but the space for this matrix is allocated by HYPERSIM®.

Ex: ucmYadd(NI_a, NE_a) = -GaddVec[0]

• int ucmYfill(int node1, int node2): 
• Element of the matrix Y_fill of the UCM corresponding to row node1 and column node2. Y_fill is determined by user but the space for this matrix is allocated by HYPERSIM®.

Ex: ucmYfill (1,2) = 0

• int ucmNodeChange(int node): 
• node^th element of vector NodeChange. this vector is also allocated by HYPERSIM®.

Ex: ucmNodeChange(NE_b) = 1

• double ucmTimeStep: 
• Obtain the current simulation time step.

Ex: G = ucmTimeStep / (2.0 * L)