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Clarke, Concordia and Park Transformations
Three-Phase System
Consider a direct three-phase system given by:
Transformations from (a,b,c) to (α, β)
Knowing that for a three-phase system the summation of signals is zero, it makes sense to get rid of the summation equation and to move to a two-signals system in which those signals are orthogonal, therefore, non-dependent. For that, two transformations are suggested: Clarke and Concordia.
Clarke Transformation
Clarke transformation applied to the three-phase system leads to:
Therefore,
From which the inverse of Clarke transformation is computed as:
Properties of Clarke Transformation
- This transformation keeps the amplitude invariant, hence the amplitudes of sa and sα are both equal to S√2. However, the power is variant
- The determinant of this transformation is 2/(3√3), hence this is not a rotation
- SPS solver uses this transformation
Concordia Transformation
Therefore,
Properties of Concordia Transformation
- This transformation changes the amplitude but keeps the power invariant
- The determinant of this transformation is 1. Additionally, columns are orthogonal and have unity-norm. Consequently, this is a rotation and the inverse is nothing but the transpose
- SSN solver uses this transformation
Transformations from (α, β) to (d,q)
Rotation of Angle -θ
This transformation is used to move from (α, β) stationary frame to (d, q) rotating frame. The goal behind is to remove the ωt component and to end-up with time-invariant signals sd and sq.
Knowing that the three-phase system depicted in Fig. 2 is undergoing counterclockwise rotation at ω rd/s, a rotation of an angle θ = -ωt is to be applied in order to get time-invariant signals in the (d, q) frame, leading to:
Obviously, this transformation corresponds to a rotation matrix Q with det = 1. The calculation of the speed matrix goes as follows:
It is noteworthy that the speed matrix Ω is skew-symmetric, which is a necessary condition for the speed term.
Transformations from (a,b,c) to (d,q)
Obviously there are four possible combinations to bring the three-phase system (a, b, c) to a (d, q) one, namely:
- Clarke followed by a rotation of -θ
- Concordia followed by a rotation of -θ
- Clarke followed by a rotation of -θ + pi/2
- Concordia followed by a rotation of -θ + pi/2
Notice that these transformations are known as Park transformations in the literature.
Combination of Clarke and Rotation of -θ
For the three-phase system defined as in the equations at the top of this page, sd and sq become:
Properties of the Transformation
- As expected, sd and sq are time-invariant since they do not depend on ωt;
- HYPERSIM uses this transformation;
Since sd vanishes, it is hard to check whether sq leads or lags sd. For that, consider a three-phase system with phase delay δ as follows:
Applying Clarke transformation leads to:
Applying rotation of -θ leads to:
Figures 3 and 4 show the spatial representation of this system for δ = pi/6 and ωt = 0, then ωt = pi/3. It's worth noticing that sq lags sd.