Terminal (ElmTerm)

• ABC phase technology

• Load flow results (i.e., voltage magnitude and phase angle)

• (EvtShc) on a terminal

  • Three-phase, two-phase or single-phase.

  • Fault clearing event to specify “duration” of the fault.

• All terminals, regardless of their usage (i.e., busbar, junction node or internal node), are imported as buses.

• Short-circuit events with fault reactance are not supported.

• Buses can’t include a “__” (double underscore) in their name, when switches are imported (either through the All switches are added option or the Only switches with events are added option)..

Switch (StaSwitch)

• Current state (open/closed)

• Event-related data (through associated )

  • Action, execution time and affected phases

• Trigger opening always assumed to be at Current zero crossing (default for both Simulation RMS and EMT).

Known unsupported features:

• Breaker opening time from TypSwitch

• Per-phase operation delay from “scatter” option

• Transient recovery voltage (TRV) envelope

Breaker/Switch (ElmCoup)

• 3-Phase Breaker/Switch (without neutral)

Known unsupported features:

• Breaker opening time from TypSwitch

• Event-related data (through associated )

• Per-phase operation delay from “scatter” option

• Transient recovery voltage (TRV) envelope

Line (ElmLne)

• Lumped parameter type (PI model)

• Positive sequence model

• Zero sequence model

• Parallel lines

• Base impedance for PU computations requires the rated voltage parameter (uline) which is only available from Line Type objects (TypLne). This means that lines with other types, such as tower type, geometry tower type, or cable definition, are currently not supported.

Common Impedance (ElmZpu)

• 3-Phase Model

• Impedance and admittance values in negative sequence equal to those in positive sequence (i.e., z2 = z1 and y2 = y1).

• Case 1: Positive Sequence without admittance terms and zij = zji

• Case 2: Positive Sequence without admittance terms and zij != zji

• Case 3: Zero Sequence included, zij = zji, bj = bi and bj0 = bi0.

• Conductance parameters (i.e. gi, gj, gi0, gj0) are ignored.

Known unsupported features:

• Transformer Equivalent

Series Reactor (ElmSind)

• 3-Phase, Positive Sequence Model

Known unsupported features:

• Saturation of the reactance

Series Capacitor (ElmScap)

• 3-Phase, Balanced, Positive Sequence Model

Known unsupported features:

• Losses (i.e., conductance in parallel)

• Metal Oxide Varistor model

• Spark Gap model

• Variable capacitance and conductance via input signals

Series RLC-Filter (ElmSfilt)

• 3-Phase, Balanced

3-Phase 2W-Transformer (ElmTr2)

• Positive Sequence Model

  • With or without magnetizing branch (i.e., No Load Current = 0% and No Load Losses = 0 kW).

  • Distribution of leakage reactances and resistances

• Zero Sequence Model

• Ratio Tap Changer Model on either HV or LV side

  • Data from Element Type (TypTr2)

  • Data from Measurement Report

• Y, YN or D-connected windings

• Vector Groups

  • Y*Y*0

  • DD0, DD2

  • Y*D1, Y*D11, Y*D5, Y*D7

  • DY*1, DY*11, DY*5, DY*7

• Transformers with Y*D5, Y*D7, DY*5 or DY*7 only support positive sequence data.

• Only one tap changer at the time on either HV or LV side.

• Tap changer data is not available in HYPERSIM transformers. Tap changer data is only used to find the tap ratio that is to be applied to the nominal winding voltage in HYPERSIM.

Known unsupported features:

• Parallel Transformers

• Z or ZN-connected windings

• Phase shifting tap changers

• Tap dependent impedance

• Saturation characteristic

• Hysteresis modelling

• Residual flux

• Stray capacitances

• Auto Transformer

3-Phase 3W-Transformer (ElmTr3)

• Positive Sequence Model

  • With or without magnetizing branch (i.e., No Load Current = 0% and No Load Losses = 0 kW).

• Tap Changer Model on HV, MV and/or LV sides

  • Data from Element Type (TypTr3)

  • Tap Modelled at Terminals or at Start Point

• Vector Groups such that windings are connected in one of the following ways:

  • Y, YN

  • Delta lagging (D1)

  • Delta leading (D11)

• Tap changer data is not available in HYPERSIM transformers. Tap changer data is only used to find the winding tap ratio that is to be applied to the nominal winding voltage in HYPERSIM.

Known unsupported features:

• Zero Sequence Model

• Z or ZN-connected windings

• Tap Changer data from Measurement Report

• Neutral Conductor / Internal Grounding Impedance (HV, MV and/or LV-sides)

• Phase shifting tap changers

• Tap dependent impedance

• Saturation characteristic

• Hysteresis modelling

• Residual flux

• Stray capacitances

• Auto Transformer

AC Voltage Source (ElmVac)

(one terminal)

• Voltage Source type

• Positive sequence model

• Load flow setpoints given by either:

  • Explicit voltage magnitude and phase angle values

  • External controllers (i.e., Voltage Control and/or Angle Control)

• Extended Ward Equivalent type

• The terminal where the source is connected is always assumed to be the controlled node.

• Currently supported external controllers:

  • 

• Load-flow calculation used by Extended Ward Equivalent source cannot be replicated in HYPERSIM because UCMs do not support dynamic load flow. Load flow results are imported from PowerFactory (i.e., active and reactive power).

Synchronous Machine (ElmSym)

• 3-Phase Model

  • Classical Model (i.e. GENCLS)

  • Standard Model (i.e. GENSAL, GENSAE, GENROU, GENROE).

• D, Y or YN connections

• Parallel machines

• Flux Saturation models

  • Quadratic, Exponential or Tabular input

    • d- and q- axis (flux magnitude)

    • d-axis (flux magnitude)

    • d- and q-axis (flux components)

    • d-axis (flux component, d-axis)

Known unsupported features:

• Neutral Conductor / Internal Grounding Impedance

• Coupling reactances (between field and damper winding and between q-axis damper windings)

• Damping Torque (i.e., damping torque coefficients dkd and dke are ignored).

• Model 3.3 (Detailed model)

• Permanent Magnet model

• Asynchronous Starting model

Static Generator (ElmGenstat)

• 3PH Technology

• Constant power model

  • Active and Reactive Power setpoints

• Internal impedance (Simulation EMT)

• Parallel Units

• “Local controller” has to be set to “Const. Q“.

Shunt/Filter RL, RLC, C (ElmShnt)

• AC C, R-L and R-L-C types

• 3PH-'D', 3PH-'Y' and 3PH-'YN' technologies

• Positive sequence model

• Parallel conductance in shunt capacitors always assumed to be zero.

Known unsupported features:

• Tap Changer / Shunt Controller

• Neutral Conductor / Internal Grounding Impedance

• Saturation of the reactance

• Zero sequence model

General Load (ElmLod)

• Balanced loads

• General Load Type

  • AC, 3PH

  • 100% Static loads

• Complex Load Type

  • 100% Static loads

• Since to date only static loads are supported, these behave as constant impedance loads after load flow.

Known unsupported features:

• Load / feeder scaling factors

• Load transformer option (load transformer with zero sequence impedance).

• Load events ()

AC7B

• avr_AC7B / Version 2022 (Aug2022)

• exc_PSSE_AC7B / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.9.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 3%*

AC8B

• avr_AC8B / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_AC8B / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.11.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

DC3A

• avr_DC3A / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_DC3A / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.21.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 3%*

ESAC1A

• avr_ESAC1A / Version 2019 (Oct2019)

• exc_PSSE_ESAC1A / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.25.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 2%*

ESAC2A

• avr_ESAC2A / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_ESAC2A / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.26.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 2%*

ESAC3A

• avr_ESAC3A / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_ESAC3A / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.27.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

ESDC2A

• avr_ESDC2A / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_ESDC2A / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.33.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 2%*

ESST1A

• avr_ESST1A / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_ESST1A / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.34.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

ESST2A

• avr_ESST2A / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_ESST2A / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.35.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

EXAC1

• avr_EXAC1 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_EXAC1 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.40.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 2%*

EXAC2

• avr_EXAC2 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_EXAC2 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.42.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 7%*

EXAC3

• avr_EXAC3 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_EXAC3 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.43.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

EXDC2

• avr_EXDC2 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_EXDC2 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.46.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

EXPIC1

• avr_EXPIC1 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_EXPIC1 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.50.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 3%*

EXST1

• avr_EXST1 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_EXST1 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.51.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

EXST3

• avr_EXST3 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_EXST3 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.54.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

IEEET1

• avr_IEEET1 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_IEEET1 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.55.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

IEEET2

• avr_IEEET2 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_IEEET2 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.56.

• Saturation function is implemented differently

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 3%*

IEEET3

• avr_IEEET3 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_IEEET3 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.57.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

SCRX

• avr_SCRX / Version 2019 (Oct2019)

• exc_PSSE_SCRX / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.73.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 2%*

SEXS

• avr_SEXS / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• exc_PSSE_SEXS / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 6.74.

• Estimated error for excitation voltage signal < 1%*

DEGOV1

• gov_DEGOV1 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• gov_PSSE_DEGOV1 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 7.4.

• Estimated error for mechanical power/torque signal < 1%

HYGOV

• gov_HYGOV / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• gov_PSSE_HYGOV / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 7.15.

• Estimated error for mechanical power/torque signal < 1%

TGOV1

• gov_TGOV1 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• gov_PSSE_TGOV1 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 7.40.

• Controller droop block and initialization of governor setpoints are implemented differently

• The output in HYPERSIM is Tm (mechanical torque) instead of Pm (mechanical power) as in PowerFactory.

• Estimated error for mechanical power/torque signal < 1%

TGOV2

• gov_TGOV2 / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• gov_PSSE_TGOV2 / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 7.42.

• Controller droop block and initialization of governor setpoints are implemented differently

• The output in HYPERSIM is Tm (mechanical torque) instead of Pm (mechanical power) as in PowerFactory.

• Estimated error for mechanical power/torque signal < 1%

WEHGOV

• gov_WEHGOV / Version 2019 (Jan2020)

• gov_PSSE_WEHGOV / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 7.52.

• PowerFactory output is equal to HYPERSIM output multiply by the Rated Power Factor of the machine

• Estimated error for mechanical power < 3% with gov_PSSE_WEHGOV

• gov_PSSE_WEHGOV valve dynamics will be estimated to be linear, and with need to me manually modified otherwise

GAST

• gov_GAST / Version2019 (Jan2020)

• gov_PSSE_GAST / Version 2023 (Nov2022)

V2023 / Reference: PSS-E 35.2.0 Model Library, sec 7.6

• Estimated error for mechanical power/torque signal < 1%

Short-Circuit Event (EvtShc)

• Three-phase, two-phase or single-phase.

• Fault clearing event to specify “duration” of the fault.

** Please refer to Terminal (ElmTerm) for more information.

• Only Short-Circuit Events on terminals (i.e., ElmTerm objects) are currently supported.

• Short-circuit events with fault reactance are not supported.

• Short-circuit events with zero-crossing clearing type are currently not leading to the same simulation results in HYPERSIM.

Switch Event (EvtSwitch)

• Action, execution time and affected phases

** Please refer to Switch (StaSwitch) for more information.

• Only Switch Events associated to StaSwitch objects are currently supported.

Iteration 0

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

Iteration 3

Iteration 4