Description

This module is based on the IEEE Std 412.5 type AC2A excitation system model [1].

Mask and Parameters

AVR Parameters

*Vuel and Voel are the usual inputs for this excitation system (see Inputs, Outputs section below), but the user can choose to use a fixed constant value directly in the mask by choosing “internal” in the mask option.
Expanding the "AC2A diagram" displays the block diagram in the parameters window.

Name	Description	Unit
Tr	Regulator input filter time constant. This input filter is not part of the standard and there are no typical values recommended. It was added for flexibility. NB: This parameter can be set to zero if the filter is not used.	s
Tb	AVR lead-lag numerator time constant Voltage regulator time constant	s
Tc	AVR lead-lag denominator time constant Voltage regulator time constant	s
Ka	AVR filter gain Voltage regulator gain	-
Ta	AVR filter time constant Regulator time constant	s
Kb	Second stage regulator gain	-
Kh	High band gain	-
Kf	Excitation control system stabilization gain	-
Tf	Excitation control system stabilizer time constant	s
Vamax	Maximum regulator internal voltage	pu
Vamin	Minimum regulator internal voltage	pu
Vrmax	Maximum voltage regulator output	pu
Vrmin	Minimum voltage regulator output	pu

Exciter Parameters

Expanding the "Exciter diagram" displays the block diagram in the parameters window.

Name	Description	Unit
Te	Exciter time constant	s
Ke	Exciter constant related to self-excited field	-
Kd	Demagnetization factor	-
Kc	Rectifier loading factor	-
Se1, Se2	Exciter saturation factor at the corresponding Vex	pu
Ve1, Ve2	Exciter voltage for the exciter saturation function	pu
Vfemax	Maximum exciter field current	pu

Initial Value Parameters

Name	Description		Unit
Ifd0	Synchronous machine field current initial value		pu
Efd0	Exciter output voltage initial value		pu

The parameters Ifd0 and Efd0 can be set manually by entering a numerical value. It can also be set automatically, based on load flow calculations, by entering a referenced synchronous machine variable. For instance, if the name of the synchronous machine on which the excitation system is connected is “SM1”:

If a thermal machine or a hydraulic machine is used, Ifd0 shall be set as “=SM1.IfdInit” multiplied by the synchronous machine parameter Xad = Xd – Xl, and Efd0 shall be set as “=SM1.EfdInit”;
If a pu standard or pu fundamental machine is used, Ifd0 shall be set as “=SM1.IF_Init” and Efd0 shall be set as "=SM1.EFD_Init".

Inputs, Outputs and Signals Available for Monitoring

Inputs

Name	Description	Unit
Voel	Overexcitation limiter output	pu
VC1	Signal proportional to compensated terminal voltage. If the load compensator block is not used upstream from the exciter block, then Vc1 is equal to Vt (main alternator terminal voltage)	pu
Vuel	Underexcitation limiter output	pu
Vref	Voltage regulator reference voltage	pu
Vs	Is defined as the output voltage of a power system stabilizer (PSS)	pu
Ifd	Synchronous machine field current*	pu

*If a Synch. Machine (Hydraulic or Thermal) from the Network Machines and Generators library is used, the machine observable Ifd must be multiplied by the synchronous machine parameter Xad = Xd – Xl prior to its input to the exciter. This multiplication is not needed if a Synchronous Machine (pu Standard) or (pu Fundamental) is used.

The HYPERSIM® simulation option Set Initial Conditions must be checked for the automatic initialization to work properly.

Outputs

Name	Description	Unit
Efd	Exciter output voltage	pu

References

1. “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Models for Power System Stability Studies,” IEEE Standard 421.5-2005.